Rhetorical Analysis Dexter - 1219 Words

Alexa Larson Prof. Butell March 6, 2017 WRD 111 Dexter; Rhetorical analysis. If you have ever been interested in the world of why serial killers kill, chances are you have done some research or even watched the insanely popular television show Dexter. â€Å"Dexter Morgan is a Forensics Expert, a loyal brother, boyfriend, and friend. That s what he seems to be, but that s not what he really is. Dexter Morgan is a Serial Killer that hunts the bad. (TV.com)† Dexter is a serial killer yet he works for the Miami Police Department in blood spatter forensics, because of his experience he is extremely good at his job. Dexter was adopted at a very young age, his adoptive father soon realized that Dexter was different, his father taught him†¦show more content†¦Knowing this we can tell that James Manos Jr. is a strong screenwriter and knows how to properly set up a television series to make it as realistic as possible. Also, James Manos Jr. is an educated man, he graduated from Colgate university which has an accepta nce rate of around 27%. In college, a majority of people are required to take an introductory course on psychology, basic psychology courses give all the information needed to understand the basics about the mind of a killer. James Manos Jr. obviously used all his previous education and his experience in screenwriting to effectively portray a serial killer that is seen as a good man to the series viewers and argue that killing others who also kill is equitable. First it is necessary to understand the psychology of serial killer. Serial killers are either labeled as a psychopath or labeled as having anti-social personality disorder. A quality anti-personality disorder which Dexter has is â€Å"Being able to act witty and charming. (NIH.com)† Dexter is witty in the sense that he knows how to not get caught and he has found a way to fit into society without anyone suspecting him has a killer, Dexter is also charming and this is portrayed in the series since his boss at the Miami Police Department clearly has a crush on him. â€Å"Break the law repeatedly. (NIH.com)† is yet another characteristic, this is also shown in Dexter. When stalking his potential victims Dexter constantly breaksShow MoreRelatedEssay on Critical Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Speech1674 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Speech Introduction In this critical analysis I am going to look at Martin Luther King, Jr and the I have a dream speech. Martin Luther King, Jr is very distinguished due to the many outstanding achievements he accomplished throughout his life. He was an American clergyman and he accomplished the Nobel Prize for one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement. 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Analysis Of The Book Hunters On The Snow By Tobias Wolff

Every story that begins must eventually come to an end, and that is true for both literary and commercial fiction. In literature, there are three types of endings an author can provide within their writings: a happy end with the protagonist’s conflict resolved, an indeterminate end where the resolution is inconclusive or undefined, or an unhappy end where the conflict is not resolved at all. These three types of endings can be found in both types of fictions, with literary fiction characteristically possessing unhappy endings, and commercial fictions ending more on a happier note. In Tobias Wolff’s story of â€Å"Hunters in the Snow†, the author clearly depicts an unhappy end resulted through his characters, conflict, and overall story†¦show more content†¦This displays how against humanity’s nature and survival instincts, he will eventually be pushed back and dealt a hand by karma for all the bad deeds he has done. However, as the story progresse s the reader discovers that the elderly man who owned the dog was aware of the fact that Kenny killed the dog since he actually requested for it, as interpreted by the following quote, â€Å"He was old and sick. Couldn’t chew his food anymore† (Wolff 93). After knowing that Kenny had justification for putting the dog down, both the readers and story’s characters now have a clearer understanding of Kenny’s decision, albeit disapproving on how he had executed it. Yet when it comes down to driving Kenny to the hospital for some required help, despite it being life threatening, both Tub and Frank appear negligent and put off the task to instead converse about their own problems, even heading off into â€Å"a tavern† (Wolff 95) in the midst of it all. Such a dulled reaction of nonchalance portrayed by the two men reveals that despite being the victims of Kenny’s misgivings, it does not mean that they themselves are without negative qualities. The two men end up discussing about Frank’s immoral love for a much younger woman and Tub’s complaint about his weight despite ironically eating heartily at the pub, as if it were a more important occasion to getShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Hunters On The Snow By Tobias Wolff919 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Hunters in the Snow†, by Tobias Wolff, is a short story that revolves around an ill-fated hunting trip between three friends. Wolff is known to be a fantastic writer, who utilizes various literary devices, as well as an exemplary setting description that really sets up the mood of his stories. Although this short story is rife with powerful literary devices, there are four very powerful symbols that I feel are the most relevant to the story. The criteria in choosing these symbols lies solely onRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Hunters On The Snow By Tobias Wolff950 Words   |  4 PagesHow much antagonizing does it take for someone to break? Males are ra ised to brush off any bullying as if it does not affect them. Throughout â€Å"Hunters In The Snow† by Tobias Wolff gender roles are both followed strictly and broken to show the development of characters. Although Tubs is the victim, he develops tremendously to become who he is at the end. Tubs changes show the reader how he stands up for himself, accepts who he is as a person, and breaks conventional gender roles. Tubs receives the

The First Chapter of computer Languages Essay Example For Students

The First Chapter of computer Languages Essay The Tortuous Path of Early Programming. In the perpetual darkness more than two miles below the surface of the North Atlantic, a submersible sled slowly traced the alpine contours of the ocean bottom in the summer of 1985. Named the Argo after the ship in which the legendary Greek Hero Jason sought the Golden Fleece, the 16-foot-long craft resembled a section of scaffolding flung on its side and stuffed with equipment, Powerful lights, sonar, Video cameras. Far above, arrayed in front of a video screen in the control room of the U.S. Navy research vessel Knorr, Members of a joint French-American scientific expedition intently watched the images transmitted by the submersible as it was towed above a desolate landscape of canyons and mud slides. After 16 days of patient search, A scattering of metallic debris appeared on the screen, followed by the unmistakable outline of a ships boiler. A jubilant cry arose from the scientists. The ocean liner Titanic sunk 73 years earlier with more than 1,500 of its 2,200 passengers on board had finally been found. The quest for the remains of the Titanic in the crushing depths of the sea was a remarkable application of computer technology, as exotic in its means as in its venue. Not least of the keys to the successful outcome was the agility of modern computer programming. Argoss ensemble of sonar, lights and cameras was orchestrated by an array of computers that each programmed in a different computer language. The computer on the unmanned Argo itself was programmed in FORTH, a concise but versatile language originally designed to regulate movement of telescopes and also used to control devices and processes ranging from heart monitors to special-effects video cameras. The computer on the Knorr was programmed in C, a powerful but rather cryptic language capable of precisely specifying computer operations. The telemetry System at either end of the finger thick Co-ax cable connecting the vessels, which in effect enabled their computers to talk to each other, was programmed in a third, rudimentary tongue known as assembly language. Programming languages are the carefully and Ingeniously conceived sequences of words, letters, numerals and abbreviated mnemonics used by people to communicate with their computers. Without them, computers and their allied equipment would be useless hardware. Its own grammar and syntax regulate each language. A programming language that approximates human language and can generate more than one instruction with a single statement is deemed to be high-level. But computer languages tend to be much more sober and precise than human languages. They do not indulge in multiple meanings, inflections or twists of iron. Like computers themselves, computer languages have no sense of humour. Today there are several hundred such languages, considerably more than a thousand if their variations, called Dialects, are counted. They enable their users to achieve a multitude of purposes, from solving complex mathematical problems and manipulating (or crunching) business statistics to creating musical scores and computer graphics. No existing Language is perfect for every situation. One or more of three factors usually determines the choice among them: The language is convenient to the programmer; it is useable on the available computer; it is well suited to the problem at hand. The multiple tongues employed on the Titanic expedition are a case in point. For the computers aboard the surface ship Knorr, C was the preferred language because it provided more direct control of the computerised hardware. FORTH was the only high-level language that could be used on the submersible Argos computer. And the precise timing required timing required of the signals passed by cable between th e two vessels was best accomplishedby rigid assembly language. As varied languages have become the all build on a common base. At their most fundamental level, Computers respond to only a single language, The high and low of electric voltages representing the ones and zeros of binary code. Depending on how these signals are fed into a computers memory. Another might be a piece of data yet to be processed. Yet another collection of binary digits, or bits, might command the machine to perform a certain action, such as adding to numbers. The circuitry of each type of computer is designed to respond to a specific and finite set of these binary encoded machines, which may be combined and recombined to enable the machine to perform a vast range of tasks. Though straightforward enough this so-called machine is a forbidding, alien language to human beings. A computer program of any size, in its machine-code form, consists of thousands or even millions of ones and zeros, strung together like beads on a seemingly interminable string. A mistake in even one of these digits can make the difference between a programs success and failure. Less than half a century ago, machine code was the only means of communicating with computers. Since then, generations of language designers have harnessed the power of the computer to make it serve as its own translator. Now, when a programmer uses the command PRINT Hello or the statement LET A = B * (C D) in a program, a translating program is called into action, converting those commands into the ones and zeros that the machine can understand. The methods used to program the worlds first general-purpose computers were as cumbersome and primitive as the machines they served. The historic Mark 1, assembled at Harvard University during World War 2, was a five-ton conglomeration of relays, shafts, gears and dials, 51 feet long. It received its instructions for solving problems from the spools of punched paper tape that were prepared and fed into a computer by small corps if technicians. A more advanced machine, ENIAC (for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), was completed i n 1945 at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Unlike the Mark 1, which was electromechanical, ENIAC was fully electronic. But it was still devilishly difficult to program. Its primary developers, Physicist John W. Mauchly and engineer J. Presper Eckert, had responded to the urgencies of wartime by concentrating on ENIACs hardware. Programming took a back seat. ENIAC was not even equipped to receive instructions on paper tape. To prepare it for operation, ma team of technicians had to set thousands of switches by hand and insert hundreds of cables into plug boards until the front of the computer resembled a bowl of spaghetti. Not surprisingly, ENIACs users tried to squeeze the last drop of information out of any given configuration before they undertook to change it. These early experiences made it all too plain that a better means of communicating with the machine with the machine was needed if computers were to approach their potential. And even as ENIAC hummed through its first electronic calculations, some forward-looking work on a higher level programming was being done elsewhere. In at least one case, however, many years would pass before the results came to light. Konrad Zuses world was crashing down around him early in 1945 as the allied military noose tightened on Berlin, his home city. The young German engineer had been working since before the war on a series of relatively small, general-purpose computers, using the living room of his parents apartment as his laboratory. Zuses efforts were a notable example of parallel yet independent developments in science; he had no idea of the similar progress being made in other nations, and his own government had shown little interest in his computer work. Shortly before the fall of Berlin, Zuse loaded his only surviving computer, dubbed the Z4, onto a wagon and fled with a convoy of other refugees to a small town in the Bavarian Alps. Arizona Concrete EssayShort Codes partner program was essentially a primitive interpreter, a language translator that converts the high-level statements in which a program is written into simpler instructions for immediate execution. As programming languages evolved, interpreters would become one of the two basic categories of language translators. New advances in languages soon overtook Short Code, but its central idea endured. Far from being simply glorified adding machines, computers are consummate manipulators of symbols, whether those symbols represent numbers, letters, colours, or even musical notes. A computer has no difficulty taking the code numerals 07 and performing the sequence of steps that leads it to add two numbers, as long as it has been programmed to recognise 07 as the symbol for addition. In the same manner, it can take a complete statement, such as IF N * 100 THEN PRINT N/47, and translate it into the basic machine instructions that will enable the hardware to carry out the desired task. This purposeful manipulation of symbols is the fundamental principle behind all programming languages. Although short code was never a commercial success, the language made a deep impression on Grace Hopper. Short code was the first step toward something which gave a programmer the power to write a program in a language that bore no resemblance whatsoever to the original machine code, she said. But before the promise of Short code could be realised, much more had to be done. The pace of progress in computer languages was tightly bound to advances in computer hardware, and during the late 1940s there were few such advances. Most of them were influenced by Mauchly and Eckerts early work and could in fact trace their origins to a specific event: a series of lectures held at the Moore School in the summer of 1946.There, Mauchly and Eckert discussed the successor to ENIAC they were planning. Dubbed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, it would dramatically reduce the labour involved in changing from one program to another by storing its programs and date electronically in an expanded internal memory. One participant in that summer was Maurice V. Wilkes, then head of the Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge University. Inspired by the lectures, Wilkes returned to England and set about designing a machine based on the EDVAC concept, construction began in 1947. Named the electronic storage Automatic Calculator, or EDSAC, it became operational in 1949, well before Mauchly and Eckerts firm produced its first commercial computer. Like many early computers, EDSAC was a finicky performer. One programmer recalled that even the sound of a airplane flying overhead could bring it to a halt. Whatever EDSAC was shut down for any reason, a set of initial orders had to be loaded into the machine to enable it to accept programs again. This process made a whiring sound, which was a signal for everyone who wanted to use the computer to come running, Programs in hand. Those fortunate enough to have offices nearest the computerusually ended up in the front of the queue. The others might have to wait a long time. At first, EDSAC could perform 18 basic operations (modern computers usually have a capability of 200), each of them triggered by a particualar sequence of ones and zeros. Early on, EDSACs designers decided not to force its programmers to use this machine code in their programs. instead they set up a system of mnemonics in which each machine instruction was represented by a single capital letter. Thus S meant Subtra ct, I meant Read the next row of holes T meant Transfer information to storage and Z meant Stop the machine. When a programmer typed a mnemonic on a specially adapted keyboard, the corresponding binary instruction was punched into a papertape, which could then be fes to the machine. Even more valuable than the mnemonics devised for EDSAC was the library of subroutines set up for the machine. Subroutines were already a familiar concept in computing: Grace Hopper and her group had used the on the Harvard Mark 1. But they continued to pose their own peculiar problems. Subroutines are independant sections of the computer program that are used over and over and are called for by the main program when needed.Early programmers often kept notebooks containing the comman used subroutines so that they did not have to start from scratch when one was needed. The problem was that the addresses that designated where each of a subroutines instructions and varibles were to reside in memory changed according to where the subroutine occured in the program. Maurice Wilked called the EDSAC scheme of mnemonics and subroutines an assembly system, Commanly known as Assembly. Assembly code reamsins in use today because of its close relation to the machine, an assembly language is machine-specific, designed to correspond to the set of machine-code instructions wired into a particular computers CPU. Thus, assembly lanuage is a favourite of programmers who want to compress their programs into the smallest possible space in memory and have them run as fast and efficiently as possible. These attributes made it ideal for programming the telemetry system used by the Titanics finders. Anyone writing in assembly language has to be intimately familiar with how a computer does things, To know, for example, the many steps required simply to add 2 numbers. Assembly written for one computer would be totally gibberish to another computer.The language was a creation of a brilliant english mathematician Alan M. Turing. By 1948, Turing was in charge of programming he prototype of a real computer called Mark 1, the machine that was being constructed at the University of Manchester. (It was not related to the Mark 1 of Harvard). The manchester Mark 1used combinations of five binary digits to represent the machines different instructions, with each instruction requiring four such combinations, or 20 bits. Intending to make the Mark 1 easier to program , Turing installed a system in which a mnemonic symbol was substituted for each of the 32 combinations of Zeros and Ones possible with a five-bit code. The symbols Turing assigned to the combinations were the letters, numerals an d punctuation mark of a standard teleprinter keyboard. For Example, a slash (/), or stroke to the British, stood for 00000, or zero, an R stood for 01010, and so up to a , representing 11111. That is the end of part one of the four part series. Please download or read the following files in the near future. I hope that you find this file helpfull. Bibliography:Time Warner Books,

The opening credit sequence of The Sopranos Essay Example

The opening credit sequence of The Sopranos Paper The final step in the opening credit sequence is the title screen detailing The Sopranos. The viewer is presented with a black scene in the centre of which is the white block letter spelling out The Sopranos. This title screen itself may semiotically provide much information regarding the themes of the television programme once its layers of meaning are extricated and analysed. Treating firstly the importance of the simple colours of this screen- black and white- the themes of the show are visible. The traditional semiotic meaning that is assigned to these two colours aid in the production of these themes. White is mostly explicitly recognised as the colour of the good, the virginal/pure in contrast to the assigning of the colour black to the evil, the mysterious, danger, death and malice. The assigning of meaning to these two colours can be traced back in anthropological terms to the Western worlds view of white people as being good whilst the black people from the continent of Africa were inherently evil and not to be trusted. This dichotomy was later applied to the notion of the goodies versus the baddies and can be seen in the title of graphics detailing a main theme of the show- the good guys or the police, reflected in the white, battling against the bad guys or Tony Soprano and his mafia family, reflected in the black. These colours can also represent the struggle in Tonys world between right and wrong and his struggle with his morality and religious faith. Throughout the series, Tony has many crises of faith and a few attacks of conscience. We will write a custom essay sample on The opening credit sequence of The Sopranos specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The opening credit sequence of The Sopranos specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The opening credit sequence of The Sopranos specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus the black may reflect Tonys dark side, with his underhand dealings and deadly intent, and the white may represent Tonys faith, his belief in Catholicism and his need to do good in some form. However as the graphics show the black impedes on the white possibly illustrating the fact that Tony has a great struggle between right and wrong. To analyse the typography of the sequence it is again possible to find meaning implicitly embedded in it. The letters spelling out The Sopranos are thick and have blunt edges. The letters in the original are also large and white and stand out prominently from the black background. The typography used is illustrated below. This may be analysed semiotically as being a reflection of the character of Tony Soprano- solid and dependable with a large stature who is rough around the edges; possibly a reflection of his brutal streak. It may also serve to provide meaning about the Soprano family as a whole- large, close-knit and very prominent in society (reflected by the white standing out against the black background). Finally the representation of the downward facing gun as spelling out the R of The Sopranos is important for the assigning of meaning also. According to Freud, the gun can be viewed as a phallic symbol, a representation of the male penis and thus is a reflection of the male sexual drive. The gun may connote power and male sexual potency along with aggression and danger. The sexual exploits of Tony Soprano and his power sexually as well as physically is a main theme of the show, and is referred to implicitly in the title graphics. Thus it is possible to say that the title screen of the opening credit sequence of the show provides meaning semiotically through colour codes, typographic presentation and symbolic representation. Themes of the show such as the good versus the bad, violence and sexual prowess are all reflected through the simple yet highly effective title sequence. The opening credit sequence of The Sopranos may also be analysed semiotically as one explores the assigning of meaning to maleness and indeed the image of the gangster i. e. Tony Soprano. By analysing this sequence in-depth it is possible to detail information that the average viewer may neither implicitly nor explicitly decode whilst watching the television programme. The semiotic representation of Tony Soprano in the opening credit sequence reveals a lot about his character. Throughout the sequence Tonys face is obscured by shadows and darkness, the lower part of his face i. e. from his nose down, is the only part visible. If one is to assign meaning to this it is possible to say that Tony is a mysterious man with a dark mind/ dark thoughts. His face is obscured as he drives from New York to New Jersey; from work to home. It is only when he arrives home that Tony is fully visible/ fully illuminated. This reflects the idea that Tonys work life is dark and mysterious, full of secret dealings and murders, and that his home life and his family provide him with the bright/highlights of his day. In the car, Tony is the only person visible. He steers the car suggesting that he is a person who is solely in control and in power. It also suggests that he is an actor in his own future, that he directs his life and controls his destiny. This is again emphasised by the continuous close-up shots of Tonys hands and arms. The affluence of Tonys life and his materialism that is shown in the show is reflected in the opening sequences. There is a continual emphasis on Tonys gold jewellery connoting opulence, richness and his carelessness with money. The cigar that Tony smokes is also a symbol with several layers of signification for this opulence but also on another layer of meaning it may be seen as phallic, reflecting Tonys masculinity and raw sexual energy. The theme of money is again reinforced with the shot of the bank reflecting possibly Tonys implicit need for financial security for himself and his family. The religious aspect of Tonys personality is also detailed. The shot of the cathedral/church illustrates Tonys Catholicism but the shot is somewhat obscured by branches of trees. This may signify the crisis of faith that both Tony implicitly and his wife Carmela explicitly have in the show. Tony is religious, he has faith but this faith is obscured by the sins that he has committed and the illegal dealings that he is involved in. the image is almost a black and white image reflecting the clear cut base belief in God that Tony and the Soprano family hold. A red canopy on the front of the church is important as its semiotic analysis reveals that the colour red connotes a raw energy, vigour and spirituality. This reinforces the strong position that religion plays in Tonys life. The appearance of the graveyard also provides us with information about the show. The long shot of the gravestones illustrates that death will be a prevalent theme as it proves to be with all the murders carried out by Tony and his mafia gang in the show. The appearance of the butchers shop stands as signification on two levels- the butcher per se as the murderer e. g. Tony, and as standing for an immoral behaviour. The pig on top of this shop stands as a symbolic representation of Tonys greed for both food and money and for his selfishness and over-indulgence. The Pizzaland shop also reflects his greed for food and Tonys traditional Italian roots. Tonys arrival at home is also important to analyse semiotically. His movement through the gates signifies that he has entered a new phase of his life and as he moves up his driveway this signifies that an end has come to his journey, he is at rest and secure/content. Thus by performing a semiotic analysis of Tony and certain scenes from the opening credit sequences it is possible to ascertain what are the important areas of Tonys life i. e. family, religion, sex, money, food, revenge etc. The use of colour in the opening credit sequence is of particular importance in this semiotic study. There are many different meanings assigned to colours and their use in certain contexts can be highly significant in the development of meaning and therefore, themes. Tony is dressed in a maroon coloured shirt. This colour is associated with bravery and strength, which is indicative of Tonys character despite his cruel and brutal streak. The road signs signalling New Jersey, Tonys home-place, are green. Green is associated here with Tonys home-life and his family and this colour connotes peace and serenity, all feelings that Tony himself hopes to associate with his family. A colour that is of a particular significance due to its connotations is silver. The colour silver connotes justice and purity due to its association with the silver swords of the knights of olden times- protectors of freedom, upholders of morality and keepers of peace and justice. For this reason the colour is also connotative of the police as they have taken on the contemporary role of the knight. Silver freight lorries are frequently shown in the opening sequences but they are always shown travelling in different directions to Tony, never with him or even close to him. A freight truck may act as a symbol for carrying a heavy load or a burden, so the silver trucks may connote Tonys anxiety regarding being caught/followed by the police. His journey in opposite directions to these silver trucks may also act as signification that he has left purity/justice behind and is leading an immoral life. It is possible to even suggest that the colour of Tonys house is indicative to meaning. As Tony drives home, he passes by many white family homes, which bear the American flag thus connoting morality and good. Tonys house however is brown or not white signifying something other than purity and wholesomeness. Thus by analysing the use of colours and in particular their use in certain contexts it is possible to ascertain that themes such as immorality, family and fear of the police will feature as themes in this show. An important part of any semiotic analysis of a film or television programme is that of the soundtrack. Music works primarily on the level that it can rely on the spoken word as it is sung to create meaning instead of the visual image. Non-verbal communication is also employed in music to create meaning with the use of certain instruments to evoke emotions and atmosphere. According to Self (1988:116) title sequences together with title music, are instrumental in communicating the mood and themes of the coming production. The show uses the same song at the beginning of each episode. The song is Goy yourself a Gun and its lyrics play on the notion of the mob and the gun which are both themes in a way in the programme. The song plays slowly and quietly at the start of the sequence as Tony leaves the city and gains in speed and audibility, as he gets closer to home. This illustrates that he feels strongly about where he lives and about his family. According to the song, if one is to relate it to Tony, he was born under a bad sign with a blue moon in your (his) eyes (lines 7-8). This provides a hint to Tonys character, that he is immoral and does not follow the rules. Having blue moon in ones eyes is indicative of Tonys upward gazing idea, that one must better themselves regardless of how they do this even if the rules must be broken. The repetition of this song at the beginning of each episode helps to continually create the overall atmosphere of the show as being one of immorality and violence connoted by the gun in the song.

Procrastination essays

Procrastination essays We've all been plagued by procrastination at one time or another. For some, it's a chronic problem. Others find that it hits only some areas of their lives. The net results, though, are usually the same - wasted time, missed opportunities, poor performance, self-deprecation, or increased stress. Procrastination is letting the low-priority tasks get in the way of high-priority ones. It's socializing with colleagues when you know that important work project is due soon, watching TV instead of doing your household chores, or talking about superficial things with your partner rather than discussing your relationship concerns. We all seem to do fine with things we want to do or enjoy doing for fun. But, when we perceive tasks as difficult, inconvenient, or scary, we may shift into our procrastination mode. We have very clever ways of fooling ourselves. Procrastination is a bad habit. Like other habits, there are two general causes. The first is the "crooked thinking" we employ to justify our behavior. The second source is our behavioral patterns. A closer look at our crooked thinking reveals three major issues in delaying tactics - perfectionism, inadequacy, and discomfort. Those who believe they must turn in the most exemplary report may wait until all available resources have been reviewed or endlessly rewrite draft after draft. Worry over producing the perfect project prevents them from finishing on time. Feelings of inadequacy can also cause delays. Those who "know for a fact" that they are incompetent often believe they will fail and will avoid the unpleasantness of having their skills put to the test. Fear of discomfort is another way of putting a stop to what needs to be done. Yet, the more we delay, the worse the discomforting problem (like a toothache) becomes. Our behavioral patterns are the second cause. Getting started on an unpleasant or difficult task may seem impossible. Procrastination is likened to the physics c...

General Information on the Writing Process

General Information on the Writing Process What Is the Writing Process Writing is a complex combination of skills which is best taught by breaking down the process. The writing process involves a series of steps to follow in producing a finished piece of writing. 5 Easy Writing Process Steps STEP 1. The writing process usually begins with the writer wanting or having to convey something. They must have a desire or obligation to share something important with their reader. A student writing an essay or paper must not only complete the assignment, they must seek to make sure their professor, or reader, understands the idea, impression or feeling they are attempting to communicate. A journalist responsible for writing an article or column must write in a way so that most every reader understands the point of telling the story in the first place. A person writing copy for an advertisement, or writing a script for a commercial, is ultimately writing to communicate a message – that the product being featured should be purchased. ESSAY FORMAT In higher education, the same goes for the student writing to complete an assignment. They are either a given a particular topic to write about, or students are provided a basic assignment where they have to create an argument about a topic of their choice as long as it pertains to the course. Free writing and research are ideal ways to begin the writing process. It always benefits the student to research a topic they are writing about. This informs them, educates them and helps them begin to mentally frame their essay. A quick online search is a good place to begin collecting information to make one’s argument or point. The student conducting the research should also write down important information and thoughts that come to their mind as they read. STEP 2. Most academic essays and papers call for some argument to be made, a point that the student will defend in their essay with credible evidence. In this step, the student chooses the direction of their essay, what it will argue for or against. But as they do so, they should keep in mind that their mission is to convince the reader that their argument has credibility, that it’s believable and true. So the student must use the body paragraphs of their essay to provide evidence that validates what they are arguing. STEP 3. Next in the writing process: planning and outlining the first draft of the essay. This requires accomplishing the previous steps and building on them. The student will center the entire essay on the thesis statement, incorporating it into each and every paragraph for emphasis. In the outline, they are to literally plan out the content and placement of each paragraph; they are to strategically place certain information into each essay to further solidify the point they are going to make when the write the first draft of their essay. STEP 4. Next in the writing process is the actual plugging away at the keyboard – the writing of the first draft. It requires a professional and conversational tone, one that speaks with confidence and conviction. Writing is not everyone’s forte. That’s a given. But writing these kinds of essays trains a student to make a case for something – which is often required verbally in the workforce, whether it’s why someone deserves a raise, a newer office, a different route, a longer lunch, a better assistant. People, in all aspects of life, to be successful or to get what they want in life, must have the ability to convince another person that what they are arguing is true. STEP 5. Once the first draft is written, it’s time to reread the essay for many reasons. One, in particular, is making sure the argument the essay is attempting to make is done successfully, that it ultimately convinces the reader to believe the argument the essay is making. Also, an essay should be reread several times in search of misspelled words, punctuation errors and incomplete sentences. Once errors are found, they should be corrected promptly. Finally, once this is done and the student is confident in their essay, they should read it once more before turning it into their professor for a graded evaluation. If you need help with essay writing, is your best bet. Our professional writers can provide professional assistance writing on virtually any topic. In order to request assistance, visit our order page and place an order!

Procopius secret history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Procopius secret history - Essay Example He was also on the Gothic campaign, in Italy, until 540. He finally lived in Constantinople after describing the immense plague of 542 in the capital. This paper will analyze the source and determine the author’s reliability (Arbor 1). The contemporary history reader should characteristically depend on the investigation of similar contemporary historians. Contemporary historians can access a large number of sources and frequently aim to give an impartial notion of the past life. Nonetheless, past historians did not appreciate objectivity in creating their stories on what would have been for contemporary figures and events (Arbor 1). There should be a balanced method to history and occurrences of the past life. Moreover, Procopius was the best placed historian to give information on the existence of Belisarius, Theodora, and Justinian of the eastern Roman Empire. This is because he published eight works on one of the most popular emperors, Justinian. He not only sets aside panegyrics, in the Secret History, but Procopius looks keenly into the revolt he experienced at his mighty empress and emperor (Arbor 1). Procopius illustrates the cruelty and greed of his emperor, in addition to the lasciviousness and malice of Theodora, his wife. The Secret History is under-supported and overstated, despite being an interesting resource. Early writers did not have the will to cite their resources. One cannot simply presume that because the author, Procopius, was Justinian’s contemporary, he was a witness of everything he documents. This raises a lot of concern on his reliability. Readers cannot ascertain what composition of his work is hearsay, or if it is rumor found in rumor, and the component of the resource that can be advanced. Nevertheless, the resource depicts both Justinian and Theodora as largely suspicious individuals (Arbor 1). Also, when Procopius asserts that Justinian was the most terrible ruler of all time, we are not sure how much

Service Learning Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Service Learning Report - Essay Example I devised ways to develop student’s interest in active learning experiencing increased classroom participation by the end of the Service Learning project. I developed a higher sense of flexibility as compared to the time prior to this project. Students are highly unpredictable and as a teacher, one has to make sure individual awkward situations do not interfere with the rest of the lesson/ activities. I am prepared to handle change in a better way which includes predicting, planning and effecting control measures that aim to deliver the primary objectives of the lesson. I have enhanced my team building and leading skills. This stems from appreciation of unique talents, skills and ability of students and linking them into productive units/ groups. I was able to determine weaknesses in students and utilized the students in delivering classroom content beyond the actual lesson period. This raised the confidence of the weak students who improved in their class participation. I have improved my communication skills especially through listening and interpretation. I worked more on reading the student’s body language to determine the most appropriate reaction to their contribution. The experience has taught me to reflect on every aspect of learning before, during and after the classroom sessions. This opens ways to criticize and respond to assignments at a higher level than plain reading and research. Reflection helps to internalize subject contents and enhances knowledge absorption to a level that can allow for appropriate application in real life. As a student, preparing for the lesson places one at a better position to understand the teacher and respond well to the classroom content. I am a dynamic individual who excellently connects with class work when the practical aspect is put into perspective. Despite being the tutor, the simulation of the culture in Saudi Arabia made me anticipate and recall a

The Chinese Massacre of 1603 Essay Example for Free

The Chinese Massacre of 1603 Essay From a historiographic point of view, the incident of 1603 acquires special significance in the long and tragic history of Chinese massacres in the Philippines. For compared to all the rest, this has been the best chronicled, not only in Spanish, but also in Chinese sources. Moreover, both coincide in the presentation of facts and are alike in the ordering of events. When these sources—especially the Chinese—begin their account of the massacre, they refer to a remote, perhaps even unrelated, incident that is, nevertheless, significant. The tension started in 1593, when 250 Chinese were forcibly recruited to row the ships which Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, then Philippine governor general, sent to conquer the Moluccas Islands. Soon after they set sail, the Chinese in the flag ship staged a mutiny, assassinated Dasmarinas, and took over the vessel. Weeks later, the son of the murdered governor, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, then based in Cebu, sought vengeance to fall on the heads of the culprits. To do this, he asked for assistance from the Chinese authorities of Fujian, who welcomed the young Dasmarinas’ ambassadors and offered them their help as well. The second episode happened 10 years later, in the spring of 1603, when â€Å"three mandarins† arrived in Manila on a strange mission: to reconnoiter a mountain of gold abundant with trees that bore gold. This visit raised the suspicion of the Spaniards in the Philippines, already so accustomed to intermittent threats of conquest, particularly from the Japanese. They concluded that this was probably an advance party for a future invasion of Manila. At that time, the Chinese in this city were almost 10 times the number of Spaniards. The third event, the Sangley uprising, happened in autumn of that same year. The reasons for this uprising remain unclear. The motives range from the desire of the Chinese to dominate Manila, to their wanting to abort the Spaniards moves that seemed to lead to their elimination. After initial uncertainty as to who would eventually win out, the rebellion was quelled by the Spaniards who, together with Filipino and Japanese troops, massacred some 20,000 Chinese. Both our sources also point to a more or less common epilogue. After the Spaniards’ first attempts at reconciliation and China’s indignant reactions, both parties reached a new compromise and the agitation easily vanished as though nothing had happened. Former trade relations were resumed, allowing the Chinese to settle again in Manila, even if both sides harbored grudges against each other for what had happened earlier. What I now propose is to try to bring together reports on the massacre, both from the known Spanish sources and from the Chinese founts. The comparison may allow us to better understand the remote and proximate causes of the tragedy of 1603. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 1 The sources The Spanish manuscript sources which document the massacre are found in their entirety in the General Archive of the Indies and were published almost completely in the â€Å"Colin Pastells,† that is to say, the new edition of the work of Colin, done by Pastells in 19001. Some of them were reproduced immediately afterwards and translated to English, in Blair Robertson,2 and again soon after by Pastells in his joint work with Navas. 3 These sources may be classified into two: those released during the event—which served as â€Å"news updates†Ã¢â‚¬â€or shortly after the incident, giving a global view of what had happened; and those that appear in the books that came out around that time, situating the incident within the general context of Philippine history, as Morga4 does in his book, or as part of the conquest of the Moluccas, as Argensola5 approached it in his. The letters and reports from the officers of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, and those of the superiors of the various religious orders belong to the first type. These documents intend to give personal viewpoints which, despite the fact that they contest each other, are not contradictory but rather complimentary. Of course, all deplore the massacre even if they deem it a justified, though exaggerated, measure. At the same time, they differ mainly in the analysis of the means that could have been taken to avoid it, or of the actions that indirectly provoked it. Argensola tries to consolidate all the information that reached the court during the years immediately after the massacre (he published his work six years after the event), and personal reports from the main players of the said event. Argensola may have had the Augustinian Diego de Guevara as his principal source, because this priest moved to Madrid to attend to some of his order’s concerns shortly after the incident. The work of Dr. Morga, eyewitness of the events, is briefer and simpler in tackling the topics and conclusions that were being formulated in Manila immediately after the uprising (Morga left Manila in 1606). The Chinese sources, on the other hand, are official and therefore anonymous. They are briefer than those of the Spaniards, and seem to be less defensive, even if they also seem to reflect partisan tendencies. 6 They usually acknowledge provocation on the part of the Chinese expatriates, and yet refuse to be judged by foreigners. These documents sometimes cite specific words or actions of an officer from Fujian, although they Francisco Colin, S. J. Labor evangelica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compania de Jesus, fundacion y progresos de su provincia en las Islas Filipinas. Nueva edicion ilustrada con copia de notas y documentos para la critica †¦ por el P. Pablo Pastells, S. J. , Vol. II, Barcelona, Imprenta y Litografia de Henrich y Cia, 1900, pp. 418-441. 2 Blair Robertson, The Philippine Islands (vol. XII, pp. 83-97). 3 Pablo Pastells Francisco Navas, Catalogo de los documentos relativos a las Islas Filipinas (vol. 5, Barcelona, 1929, pp. LXXVI-CVIII). 4 Antonio Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Mexico, 1609. We used here the version annotated by Jose Rizal, offset reprinting by the National Commission for the Centenary of Jose Rizal, Manila, 1961. 5 Bartolome Leonardo Argensola. Conquista de las Islas Malucas, Imprenta del Hospicio Provincial, Zaragoza 1891. 6 We have used the following references: Ming Shi (â€Å"The History of the Ming Dynasty â€Å"), Ed. Ding Wen, Taipei, 1975, Vol. 11 (pp. 8370-8375); Ming Shi Lu (â€Å"The True History of the Ming Dynasty†), prepared by the Academia Sinica, Ed. Zhongwen, Volumes 12 and 13, Taipei, 1961 (pp. 12090, 123030, 12371); Dong Xi Yang Kao (â€Å"Studies on the Eastern and Western Oceans†), Ed. Taiwan Shang Wu, Taipei, 1971 (pp. 57-60); Ming Ching Shi Wen Bien (â€Å"Anthology of the Official Documents of the Ming Dynasty†), Vol. 6, Ed. Zhunghua, Beijing, 1962 (pp. 4727-4728); Huang Ming Xiang Xu Lu; Guo Que (â€Å"National tolls†), Ed. Ding Wen, Taipei, 1978, Vol. 8 (p. 4917). I wish to thank Prof. Zhang Kai for his invaluable help in pointing out these sources, and my research assistant Lin Li-pin for his help in the translation of these materials. 1 Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 2 generally present themselves as part of an official investigation that was also transmitted officially. Also, since the events happened outside China, it is difficult for the imperial officers to verify them, which is why they put forward brief and detached explanations. Nevertheless, the massacre of 1603 happened during a period of stability in the Ming Dynasty; thus, their capacity to inquire into and annotate an event that happened outside their shores was much greater than, for example, the time when the massacres of 1639 or of 1662 took place. The former happened on the eve of the fall of the Ming Dynasty, while the latter was more associated with the Ming resistance—at that time, Koxinga7 was dying in his Taiwanese hideout—than with the Manchus, the new powers in China, who were still trying to establish themselves in the country. The incident of October 25, 1593 Let us now take a brief look at Argensola’s account in Chapter 6 of his book. 8 He states that Governor Gomez Perez de Dasmarinas prepared four galleys to attack the Moluccas but had difficulty finding soldiers to man them. When the flagship was the only one left to be filled, â€Å"he ordered that of the Chinese contract workers who were entering the Philippines, 250 were to be taken to man the flagship. The Royal Treasury was to pay each one two pesos a month and, in the best of cases, they were only to row in calm weather. † The Governor forced the governor of the Chinese to get these 250 men who set sail against their will. Finally, on October 17, the naval crew left for Ternate. However, as soon as the flagship moved a short distance off, and the Chinese oarsmen were put to work—unaccustomed as they were to the task and spurred on by brutal and menacing foremen—the said workers decided to stage an uprising, preferring to die in the attempt than to continue rowing for the Spaniards. The rebellion took place on the night of October 25, claiming the lives of the Governor himself and a great part of the 80member Spanish crew. The bad weather persisted, which was why the mutineers only went as far as the Ilocos region, where they were assaulted by the natives. They left behind the surviving Spaniards, among them, Juan de Cuellar, secretary of the Governor and the Franciscan Montilla, both of who managed to reach the coast. Afterwards, the Chinese decided to sail to China, but landed in Vietnam instead, where â€Å"the king of Tunquin seized their cargo and left the galley to sink in the coast. The Chinese were dispersed and they fled to the different provinces. †9 The Spanish survivors informed Manila of what happened. The rest of the navy based in Cebu under the command of the governor’s son, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, returned to Manila. There, he was appointed interim Governor of the islands. Then a strange thing happened in 1594. In retrospect, this incident seems to have served as a â€Å"rehearsal† for what was to happen next. That year, the Chinese presumed that the Spanish navy had left for the Moluccas Isles. As Argensola puts it, â€Å"There appeared in Manila a great number of ships from China, without the customary goods, but rather loaded with men and weapons. On board were seven mandarins, counted As regards this massacre and the problems of interpretation that arise from consulting and comparing Chinese and Spanish sources, see my recent paper â€Å"Consideraciones en torno a la imagen de Koxinga vertida por Victorio Ricci en Occidente. † Encuentros en Catay, n. 10, 1996. 8 There are discrepancies between Argensola and Morga, although these are more a question of details than of arguments. 9 Argensola, Conquista de las†¦, p. 210 7 Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 3 among the senior Viceroys or Governors of their provinces and they went to visit Don Luis with great pomp and an escort of men saying that they were on the lookout for Chinese who were going about those lands without license. †10 Dasmarinas welcomed them and gave each one a gold chain. In the end, he concluded that they had come either to conquer or to sack Manila, but changed their minds when they saw the presence of the Spanish armada. Argensola adds that since the Chinese who killed Dasmarinas’ father were from Quan Chou, he sent Fernando de Castro, a cousin of his, to that province to give an account of the mutiny. However, the trip was forestalled due to the bad weather. It is noteworthy that neither Argensola nor Morga says that the Dasmarinas took advantage of the situation to take up the matter with the mandarins (although it seems that he did, as deduced from the Chinese sources that we shall now see). For example, the Dong Xi Yang Gao is more exhaustive in this respect. It states that Luis Dasmarinas (called Maulin here), immediately after replacing his father, sent some priests to inform the Chinese authorities in Macao about the uprising. These priests bore a letter, the translation of which is conserved in the Chinese sources. It also adds that the magistrates of Fujian continued to send merchant vessels to bring back the Chinese who had been living in Luzon for too long. According to Argensola, this detail coincides with what the mandarins explained to Dasmarinas. The Chinese chronicle continues: â€Å"The governor of Luzon provided these ships with food and also gave them a letter (addressed to the Chinese government). He verbally aired his complaints about the way the Chinese treated the murdered governor, his father. And he gave them an edict, sealed in a gold box which, together with the abovementioned letter, was wrapped in red silk and sent to China on a merchant vessel. †11 The â€Å"three mandarins† arrive in Manila (May 1603) We have said that the abovementioned incident does not seem to have anything to do with the one that took place nine years later. However, the parallelism is great, as we shall now see. The events arising from the arrival of another group of mandarins are well documented in the Spanish sources. There are three types of information that are all complimentary. Those from the royal officials, that is, those from the Governor, Don Pedro de Acuna, as well as the listeners of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, who show themselves to be hostile to and suspicious of the governor. The sources of the ecclesiastics, and in the third place, the information that the Chinese themselves give, and which they offer in consideration of the Spanish authorities. In particular, a letter written four days before in the sea by Chanchian, the head of the Chinese expedition, and which is submitted to the governor who sends it immediately for translation. Likewise, two more documents corresponding to some â€Å"petitions of Chinese to the Chinese emperor†, which ended up in the hands of Archbishop Benavides who translated them. He sent the king his own letter where—â€Å"enriched† after his own 10 11 Idem, p. 212. The Dong Xi Yang Kao contains the Chinese translation of Dasmarinas’ letter which he gave to the mandarins. Here, the same facts are given, except that the apparent motive of the uprising was more of greed (the ship was loaded with much gold and silver) than of the cruelty received in the hands of the foremen of the ship, as Argensola would have put it. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 4 inquiries—he makes a very complete analysis of the situation12. Though actually we do not know if Benavides made them Public or not, and therefore if they have to be considered as part of the information that the Spaniards had then. Gathering together all the reports (Argensola’s and those of the two judges of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, both hostile toward the governor, Pedro de Acuna), this series of events might have had taken place as follows: Friday, May 23. Three mandarins landed in Manila, displaying their insignias as judges. With great pomp and an entourage of 50, they sought an audience with the Governor and gave him a letter written four days earlier in the high seas. In the said letter, signed by Chanchian, military chief of Fujian, the mandarins expounded the reason for this trip. They wished to verify the existence of a fabulous mountain in Cavite, believed to yield 100,000 taeles of gold and 300,000 taeles of silver a year. They claimed that everyone could go and dig there and that the Chinese have already taken a great quantity of these metals back to China. Chanchian also indicated that he had with him a fellow named Tio Heng, the man who reported to the emperor of the existence of the said mountain, as well as a eunuch called Cochay, who received specific orders from the emperor to investigate the matter. Another mandarin was present, besides Cochay and the immediate chief of Chanchian. 13 He added that he did not believe in the existence of such a mountain, and presumed it to be a lie. Nevertheless, the Governor had nothing to fear, since it was his duty to look into the matter. Afterwards, the Governor had them housed in special lodgings inside the city. The fact that they flaunted their insignias as judges and that the Governor allowed them to do so, incurred the ire of the members of the Audiencia. From May 24 to May 26 (Saturday to Monday), the mandarins begin to mete justice on their countrymen. Meanwhile, Salazar, the fiscal of the Audiencia, carries out his own investigation. Within this period, the governor allows the mandarins to bring their entourage to Tondo, where the Christian sangleys live. May 27 (Tuesday). Salazar presents a report in a public session of the Audiencia. The report is approved and the governor requested to stop the operations of the mandarins so that the investigations may continue. The friction between the Audiencia 12 It does not remain clear how Benavides obtained the two documents, and if he made them known to the governor or not. The first (document) is similar in structure to the letter which the governor received from the mandarins, the translation of which he sent to the King, but much more extensive and detailed. Therefore the said document perhaps may be a different version from the letter, made by memory (since he possibly helped in the verbal translation of that thing) and completed a posteriori with his own investigations, since at the end of that letter he said: â€Å"I am a man who knows the language of these Chinese and I know a lot about their things and customs of China by having lived with them for many months and I made it also because I take up this business with suspicion and care as these can be advisors who advise badly on it because of not understanding it† (Colin Pastells, II, p. 415). The second document, different from the letter, is a remonstrance of the emperor by one of his officials. The mandarins presented it to the governor with the intention of giving more credibility to his own letter. Given that the Spaniards did not seem to take it into account, we will not deal with it now, but we will go back to it at the end of our study for its clarificatory value. 13 Note that the spelling of the names correspond to the free style of transcribing that the Spanish translator had of the Fujianese pronunciation of the names ( the translation of the document that appears on Blair Robertson, vol. XII, pp. 83-97, points out in the heading which was made by a Dominican). As will be seen later , the correspondence in mandarin is as follows: Chunchian seems to correspond to Gan Yi-chen, Tio Heng to Zhang Yi and Cochay to Gao Tsai. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 5 and the Governor worsens. Moreover, the judges of the Audiencia complain of being relegated to the sidelines. In the following days, the Audiencia desisted its moves because the Governor finally published an edict prohibiting the mandarins from administering their justice and from flaunting their insignias. On the eve of their departure, they go to Cavite to see the said mountain. With them are Second Lieutenant Cervantes, as well as by the governor of the sangleys, Juan Bautista de Vera,14 who seems to have been around all the while. There, Tio Heng, unable to satisfactorily clear himself of the deception, had the Spaniards bearing down on him with threats of death. However, the mandarins intercede for his pardon. The Spaniards grow even more suspicious. On the day of their departure, the Governor receives the mandarins and honors them with some gifts. As he sends them off, they apologize for the mix-up they have caused and thus sailed back to China. We can better know the identities of these mandarins and further clarify the case by examining complimentary data from the Chinese sources. In this attempt to consolidate diverse information, we can conclude that the speaker of the group was the mandarin Gan Yi-chen (Chanchian in the letter), a centurion and was probably the military chief of Fujian. The second mandarin (not mentioned in the letter) was Wang Shi-ho, the magistrate of the Hai Cheng district, where many of the Chinese immigrants came from. The third mandarin must have been the eunuch Gao Tsai (who appears in the letter as Cochai). Accompanying these three dignitaries were Zhang Yi (Tio Heng) and Yang Ying-long, who were the ones who informed the emperor in Beijing of the said mountain of gold. Yang Ying-long was another centurion whom the Chinese sources accuse of collaborating with Zhang Yi (who probably used the former’s clout to get an audience with the emperor and consequently win his favor). The emperor actually allowed the said expedition despite opposition from various people in his court who not only thought it a ridiculous project, but which could also be a source of trouble. According to these sources, one might think that the two magistrates Gan Yichen and Wang Shi-ho were also of the same opinion. In fact, the latter was so vexed that he died soon after they arrived in Fujian. The other magistrates reported Zhang Yi’s behavior to the emperor, demanding that he be punished for trying to deceive the imperial government and for bringing about its humiliation in a foreign land. The role of Gao Tsai, on the other hand, is more difficult to interpret. Some sources picture him as the superintendent of the said Beijing expedition, while others show him as Fujian’s quartermaster general for taxes, who makes a living off the Chinese maritime trade. The Ming Shi Lu gives its version of the conduct of these three: â€Å"The diabolical Fujianese Zhang Yi, came up with an evil plan to propose the excavation of a gold mine in Luzon. But his real intention was to conspire with the eunuchs and provoke the barbarians. Yang Ying-long was his partner†¦Zhang Yi was beheaded and [his head] shown to the coastal provinces as a warning to people of his kind. † 15 Lastly, it is worth pointing out that the Chinese sources coincide with those Spanish ones in indicating that this entire trip had been the proximate cause of the Spanish suspicions and the subsequent massacre which took place four months afterwards. 14 A Chinese who arrived in Manila during the times of the pirate Limahon, whom he had served. At that time, he was appointed governor of the sangleys and was â€Å"respected by the Spaniards and loved by the sangleys† (Argensola, p.230. He was also known as â€Å"Eng Kang† (Rizal), â€Å"Encan† (Argensola) and â€Å"Encang† (Tellez de Almazan). 15 MSL, Chapter 404 (Vol. XII. P. 12090). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 6 But, the question is if the dispatch had been an advance party or not, and if it came to study the possibility of invasion of Manila—whether it was piratical or in an organized form. At the moment, the Spaniards could not know it, although an excess of suspicions could turn itself into an untenable situation that might end up out of control. It was precisely what happened. The massacre of 1603 a) The preparation On December 18, 1603, once the incident that we are about to see had ended, Governor Pedro de Acuna wrote the king an account wherein he explained in retrospect his behavior during the whole event. He begins by saying that the arrival of the mandarins had made him suspect a possible invasion from China. This was why his eventual moves, preventive and defensive in nature, were limited to the following: 1. To create space, he ordered the demolition of the houses in the Parian that was adjacent to the walls of the city. This, at the same time, corrected some of the wall’s defects. 2. He asked the mayors of the district and the magistrates of the Parian to submit to him a list of immigrants under their jurisdiction and of the weapons in their possession. They were also asked to indicate whether these people were to be trusted or not. The order was fulfilled. 3. He carried out regular inspections of the artisans (blacksmiths, etc. ) in particular, and commissioned the manufacture of bows, arrows, pikes, etc. for the royal storehouse. At the same time, he ordered that all these weapons be collected and transported. 4. Just in case, he had provisions stored. 5. He hired sangleys to build a canal with the end of creating a moat for the city, if ever the need arises. Acuna also points out a distinction that is also mentioned in other Spanish sources: that between the Chinese merchants, who have settled for years in the Parian, and the recent arrivals who were vagabonds and troublemakers who had nothing to lose and who could not return to China due to the crimes they had committed. 16 Acuna hangs the blame of the succeeding events on these Chinese, since they were the ones who paved the way for everything, â€Å"in order to bring the merchants and the peaceful people to their side, convincing them that the measures that were being taken were meant to kill the Chinese. † 17 The Chinese sources, on the other hand, also echo some of Acuna’s positions, but presenting these under an offensive point of view, coloring the thing differently and relating these to what directly affected them. For example, the Huang Ming Xiang Hsu Lu shows that the Spaniards prepared for the massacre way ahead of time, since â€Å"they began to buy from the Chinese all the metal objects that they had. The Chinese, on the other hand, sold all the iron they found because they saw that they could profit from it. † (point 3 from Acuna). 18 This same idea is found in the Ming Shi, which also adds that â€Å"the Chinese were obliged to register their names and to be divided into groups of 300†19 (point 2 from Acuna). 16 To better differentiate the Chinese groups, see Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 18501898 (Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 6-11. 17 Blair Robertson, vol. XII, p. 154 18 HMXHL, Chapter 5, Luzon. 19 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8372). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 7 b) The beginning: Sangley uprising or Chinese pogrom? Another interesting issue to consider is that of who started it first. The Spanish sources (Morga, Argensola, Acuna, etc. ) emphatically state: the Chinese staged an uprising. Benavides, the bishop of Manila, noted in a letter to the king that â€Å"the multitude of Chinese was so great, among them, base and vicious men who spread the rumor (which is absolutely false, but not for them) that the Spaniards were going to kill every one of them, which was why they provoked a rebellion on the night of the eve of St. Francis. They armed themselves and on that day killed several Spaniards who pursued them, among them, Luis Perez de Dasmarinas. †20 On December 18, when everything was over, Governor Pedro de Acuna told the king that â€Å"according to the investigations and what some of those involved had declared, it goes without saying that the uprising was instigated from China, and the stage set by all, if not some, of the mandarins who had been here. † 21 According to the Spanish sources (since the Chinese are silent about it), the Chinese had also been girding themselves for it. The Chinese Juan Bautista de Vera had been constructing a more or less fortified zone half-a-league from Tondo (which Argensola calls a â€Å"sugar refinery†), where some provisions and arms were stored. c) The unfolding of events The actual struggle is already well known because it is what was most interesting to relate to the Spaniards. To summarize, we basically follow Morga’s account: The evening of October 3 (Friday). The uprising was scheduled to take place on the last day of November, but realizing that they were going to be discovered, the sangleys move it to the third of October. On this day, at 11 pm, about 2000 men (or â€Å"according to the sangley who was under torture, 40 captains to 150 men†), begin to gather in the â€Å"fort† of Tondo. That night, Juan Bautista de Vera visits the governor to inform him of what was happening. Thinking that de Vera was in cahoots with them, the governor throws him into prison. The Chinese, noting de Vera’s absence, appoint another Christian sangley, Juan Untae, de Vera’s godson, to replace him. 22 That same night, Luis Dasmarinas secures himself in the monastery of Binondo with a small group of soldiers. The Chinese fly into action, burning some houses and then returning to their â€Å"fort. † The morning of October 4 (Saturday). The sangleys of the Parian (that is, the peaceful old-timers identified with the Spaniards, some of whom are Christian) are asked to enter the city, but they refuse to do so due to doubts as to who would be the victor in this conflict. They decide to remain in the Parian. Dasmarinas leaves Binondo for Tondo to fortify himself in the church with 140 harquebusiers. A thousand and five hundred Chinese rebels show up. There is a fight to take over the church. Five hundred Chinese die, while the rest retreat to the â€Å"fort†. Dasmarinas pursues them and dies in the attempt. The Spaniards are thrown into confusion. October 5 (Sunday). Realizing that de Vera was not going to come, the rebels kill Untae and coerce the Parian residents into joining forces with them. As they make for Manila, they ravage everything that comes their way. The city puts up a tough resistance and many men die. In the evening, they retreat to the Parian and to Dilao. The 20 21 Blair Robertson. Vol. XII, p. 143. Idem, vol. XII, p. 155. 22 Sangley general Hontay (Argensola), or Juan Ontal (Tellez de Almazan). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 8 Spaniards likewise press the Parian residents to side with them. Overcome by this psychological stress, some Chinese—among them, a relative of de Vera—hang themselves. Both sides brace themselves for a second attack. October 6 (Monday). Another assault and renewed resistance. A Spaniard, with the help of a Japanese corps, launches an unsuccessful offensive. An armada of Pintados suddenly makes its way through the river and blasts the Chinese lines with canons. They divide themselves into three and penetrate the inland. One group makes for the Tingues of Pasig, another for Ayonbon [Bayombong] and the third, the most numerous, for Laguna de Bay, the mountains of San Pablo and the province of Batangas. October 8 (Wednesday) and the succeeding days: The Chinese abandon the city. The Spaniards are hot in their pursuit. It seems that the first two groups are easily annihilated, since nothing more is said of them. The third group, starving and unarmed, leave a path of devastation. Luis de Velasco with 70 of his men is at their heels, killing many each day. Finally, Velasco perishes at the hands of the Chinese who set up fort in San Pablo. Argensola adds that the native Filipinos, instead of siding with the Chinese, lent a hand in the massacre. October 20. A new detachment of Spaniards, Japanese and 1500 natives of Pampanga and the Tagalog provinces is formed in Manila. They soon finish off all the Chinese who secured themselves in San Pablo and Batangas. The rebellion is quelled. October 22 (Argensola’s date). Juan de Vera faces trial. In the succeeding days, other Chinese meet the same fate. Only 300 are pardoned, but the rest are sent to the galleys. The Chinese sources are less detailed in describing the operations, perhaps due to the handful of sangleys who survived. It is thus more difficult to establish a clear parallelism between the two accounts, since they cite actions that are not mentioned in the Spanish sources. Consequently, there is much discrepancy. The Ming Shi relates that when the Chinese discovered the Spaniards’ plot to massacre them, they â€Å"retreated to Tsai Yuen (which may be translated as â€Å"the plantation† and which may refer to Juan Bautista de Vera’s strategic â€Å"fort† and to Argensola’s â€Å"sugar refinery†). 23 Then, the Spanish â€Å"chief† sent soldiers to go after them (this may well refer to Luis Dasmarinas’ move or to the arrival of the army of Pintados). The Chinese were unarmed. Many were killed and the survivors fled to the Talun Mountain. 24 The Spaniards attacked the mountain once more, while the Chinese put up a desperate defense. The Spaniards suffered momentary defeat, which their â€Å"chief† (probably the captain of the expedition or the Governor himself) regretted, moving him to negotiate a truce. The Chinese, thinking that this was some trick, killed the messengers, thus driving the Spanish â€Å"chief† to exasperation. He abandoned their mountain camp and retreated to the neighboring town, simultaneously setting up ambush parties in the surrounding areas. The Chinese rebels were starving and so decided to go down the mountain and plunder the town,25 only to be ambushed by the Spanish troops. Twenty five thousand Chinese perished in the mas23 CHEN, Mattew.

Getting a Job with a Physics Degree :: physics employment jobs employee

So you finally did it! You graduated college. By this time not even your grandparents thought you would ever finish college. But somehow you managed to get a bachelors degree in physics and it only took you nine years. Pretty impressive. So what do you do now you ask? Well you could party. Partying is always a good idea, and after nine years of college you have partying down to a science. But your funds are lackinig and after 18 semesters of student loans, you have accumulated a substantial amount of debt.You need a job! You spent so much time worrying about graduating college you weren't prepared to enter the work place. You now have many questions you must ask yourself so that you may get into a feild that is best suited to your needs. First of all it's good practice to make a list of career's that you might already have in mind and that you are interrested in before job seeking. This will help narrow your job search. But keep in mind that it's not always possible to get the ideal job sometimes we must take just about any job offered to us so that we may get enough work experience under our belts. When you start job searching, your first priority should be to prepare a resume. This is a very important aspect in job seeking. If you haven't had a lot of experience in making a resume a great place to get started is on the internet, where you can go to sites such as Jobstar.com and Resumetutor.com. Web sites such as these give you useful tips on how to best manage your resume by using selected resume resources and using resume samples. Before you start handing out your resume it is a good idea to do some research on your feild of interest. It is important to know what you are worth to employees so that you don't get the short end of the stick when it comes to salary, benefits and such. For instance it might be in your best interest to stay in shool a few more years and obtain a masters degree and or a PhD because this would dramatically increase your chances of being hired and dramatically increase your salary. According to the American Institute of Physics when they surveyed a sample of U.

Smoking and god

Smokingâ€Å" If God had wanted us to smoke, he would hold given us a separate hole for it. † These are the words that I have heard when I was immature. My male parent kept stating me these words as he experienced it himself. My male parent was a tobacco user. He started smoking when he was 18 and he kept smoking until 35 when I was born. He was smoking more than three battalions of coffin nails daily. He described himself when he was a tobacco user as a really thin adult male and his face was pale. He was like a adult male who lost his wellness. After a few old ages he suffered from diabetes. He spent about 17 old ages smoking until God had enter his life and he quit smoking. From that clip, he kept warning me and my brothers about smoke. This essay is traveling to discourse the smoke issue among teens and offers some solutions. Smoke is considered a really unsafe disease that threats every tobacco user. It contains nicotine which is the chief beginning for smoking ‘s diseases. Nicotine has three of import effects. First, it rises up the blood-pressure. Second, it increases the bosom rate. Third, it constricts blood vass. The people who smoke inhale C monoxide which decreases the sum of O which goes to the encephalon and in the bosom. Furthermore, smoking makes the tobacco users agony of shortness of breath, bosom diseases, lung diseases and other disease such as malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" Smoke putting to deaths. If you ‘re killed, you ‘ve lost a really of import portion of your life. † Brooke Shields This was one of Brooke Shields † expressions. He was seeking to converting people non to smoke by stating them about smoking ‘s hazards. Presents, most of the tobacco users are teens. Harmonizing to the Egyptian Smoking Prevention Research Institute ( ESPRI ) , Egypt has the biggest figure of tobacco users than any other state in the Middle East. There are more than 50 % of work forces over 18 smoking and they consume more than 70 billion coffin nails yearly. Smoke is considered a really of import societal issue. Nowadays, smoking becomes available for everyone. There are immature kids, teens, grownups, work forces and adult females who smoke every twenty-four hours. The figure of tobacco users is increasing every twelvemonth. In add-on, most of those tobacco users are teens. They want to smoke for chief three grounds which they are to look mature, to experiment, and to be like their friends. First, teens think that they will go older when they smoke as they see the old people smoke. Second, they want to experiment new things because they are young persons. They ever have the ability to seek out something new, particularly when they see many people do so. Third, many teens smoke because of their friends because they think that they should make the same to be accepted in this group. Although of these of import grounds, there are other grounds for them to smoke such as personal jobs and household jobs. Most of the tobacco users when they ge t nervous or angry, they do anything. Some of them smoke believing that this coffin nail will do them experience happy. Other tobacco users have jobs with their household or work, particularly with the parents who are tobacco users. Many kids imitate their parents ‘ wonts and as they see them smoking, the start to make like them. They believe that when they do like them, they will move like them besides as a adult male or adult female. This can do them hold a batch of force per unit area and emphasis. Weight is considered another ground as there are many people who smoke to free their weight. Every state should pay more attending to those people who are addicted to smoking. These states should increase the consciousness plans and set more advertizements in the street. They besides should forestall smoke in crowded topographic points and edifice. Beside, there must be a jurisprudence that punishes the people who sell coffin nails to immature people and teens. â€Å" For thy interest, baccy, I would make anything but dice. â€Å" – Charles Lamb, This sentence is the ground for halting smoke. Smoking leads to decease and this is the chief ground. Teenss must hold an internal ability to halt quit smoke. â€Å" The best manner to halt smoke is to transport wet lucifers. † – Anonymous If one has truly wants to discontinue smoke, he will make anything to discontinue. There are many people who tell themselves that if they want to discontinue smoke, they can. But, in fact, they are non honorable with themselves. They are fallacious to themselves as they do nil to discontinue. Actually, this societal issue had truly affected me in a positive manner. When I thought in my male parent ‘s narrative, I found that if I smoke I will destruct my wellness with my ain custodies. As a consequence, I will destruct my organic structure which God had given me to salvage. In the beginning, when I was immature, my male parent told me his experiment with smoking many times but, I did n't cognize the underlying significance of this narrative until I grown up. I found that many tobacco users had encountered many diseases through their life. This narrative was the chief factor that encouraged me to maintain away from smoking. Finally, smoke is a really unsafe disease and can infect anyone who does non hold unsusceptibility. I think my male parent ‘s narrative is my unsusceptibility against smoke. Every clip he tells me his narrative, I get encouraged to halt believing about smoke. This besides promote me to avoid what my male parent has encountered and what he has suffered through his past life and even his recent life after quit smoke.Procedure MemoThis essay has been organized harmonizing to the experience that I have lived, so in what manner this experiment has affected me. Then, talk about the consequences of smoke. The theses were in the debut to allow the reader know what I will speak about.Work Cited1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=3003308 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //health.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/smoking-and-smokeless-tobacco/background.html

A Chinese Cinderella – Autobiographi

In the autobiographical book â€Å"Chinese Cinderella†, the author, Adeline Yen Mah, goes through a lot of hardships and difficulties with her family and life in general. She is not treated as part of her Fathers family and is sent away to live in a boarding school away from them. Adeline’s relationship with her family is very distant and cold, she is unloved and unwanted. No one acknowledges her or shows any heed and sympathy towards her. This relationship is shown in line 28 when she asks ‘Where is everyone? As no one comes to greet her when she arrives home, showing how they are uncaring towards her and do not regard her as family, not even welcoming her arrival or asked if she would like anything. It is almost as if she is a stranger, even to her biological father and siblings who continue to play ‘by the swimming pool’, no one caring about her coming back home. In addition, she is not informed about her family moving home when she asks her Father ’s chauffeur in line 23 ‘Where are we? Her questions show her confusion and little knowledge on what has been happening at home pointing out that her family have not even bothered to write to her. Her other siblings and stepmother are ignorant to her arrival as if she is a stranger and worthless. Being sent to boarding school points out even more that they do not want anything to do with her and would rather not see her because to them she is nothing.Adeline knows this herself as when Ma-mien Valentino calls her to tell her that her ‘chauffeur is waiting to take her home’ she thinks that someone has died because the last time she was called home it was only due to this reason and she begins to fear what might have happened. When she arrives the servants use a rude tone and do not care for her as much as they would for her stepsiblings showing the unfairness, even her father using a commanding tone when he meets his daughter after so long not even welcoming her but orders her to ‘Sit down’ instead.Her father does not regard her as his own daughter but uses her to improve his status with her achievements so when her father speaks to her she becomes timid and afraid, not trusting him when he shows her a little kindness, pointing out the distant relationship between Adeline and her family. Adeline’s character is somewhat cautious she doesn’t trust people too quickly, especially when it comes to the kindness from her family members as she is wary that they are playing a trick on her to make her feel miserable like they did all her life. Although she is not treated well by her family, she s clearly educated and this is shown when she wins a competition and quotes a poem to show her happiness. However, she is modest and keeps her happiness and excitement hidden, showing her timid and humble personality when she comes across her father and hiding what she feels even though it proved to be difficult but because she i s clever and knows her father too well she did not want to miss the one chance she would have in a life time. She respects her father’s wishes as she would do anything to leave the place where she is unwanted though her strong personality keeps her distress that she suffered for years at bay.

Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Example Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Essay Topic: Pros and Cons Teens 1. Why on-line dating is popular.Peoples presents have become so busy with their calling that there is small clip left for their societal life. They think that OD is safe as on-line dating bureaus run a background check-up on each and every member they accept. With the online dating services. there is no force per unit area as you go out with merely those you appreciate and would desire to cognize better. It is besides an cheap manner to happen a spouse as the traditional dating would affect many test and mistake methods where you would put clip. attempt and money. With OD. it is so convenient that you can make it at place or in the office to happen this particular individual during your trim clip. Possibly non all the people you may reach would be the best pick for your life spouse. nevertheless it can be a great manner to acquire to cognize several people in a short clip. Last. it covers the whole universe. people from all walks of life whom you would hold a opportunity to run into . 2. Why is it non a good medium Merely because everyone else out there is making it. doesn’t make it a good medium to look for a spouse. Safety is a really serious concern and something that most of the people risk most when they meet people they have no hint approximately. Peoples can state anything they want about themselves online. But surveies have already proven that both work forces and adult females lie about different things on their profile. Another problem with on-line dating is that when you do eventually make up ones mind to run into. there can be so much accent on the whole looks thing. The meet-up tends to fall apart as worlds tend to hold certain outlooks and when those outlooks are non met. letdown is felt. In on-line dating. there is normally a impression that those who go on-line to happen a day of the month is merely looking for sex and merely desire good clip instead than serious relationships. B. Traditional dating 1. What is traditional datingIn the lexicon. a day of the month is â€Å"An assignment to run into at a specified clip ; particularly. a societal battle between two individuals that frequently has a romantic character† ( Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 2003. p. 317 ) . 2. Traditional dating vs online dating Online dating is easy. You fill out a profile and meet others on the web site you are utilizing. However. there is no initial face-to-face contact. and you may or may non be passing clip with person you would wish to be in relationship with. Traditional dating allows you to interact with your day of the month on a personal degree. As you spend clip with your day of the month. you see him in a assortment of different state of affairss and fortunes. Traditional dating can be dozenss of merriment making things together and cognizing each other deeper in a personal manner. As you day of the month. you get to go to films or music events. travel bowling or drama games. You besides can duplicate day of the month. acquiring to cognize two possible spouses alternatively of merely one. With traditional dating. you know where your day of the month lives. which is non ever the instance with online dating. Besides. it’s easier to experience â€Å"chemistry† on a face-to-face day of the month. When you online day of the month. you may non experience any chemical science until you meet. Argument: A. Sing the issue in both provinces1. Beneficial effects of online dating2. Support or presentation of instance surveiesB. What are the cons of online dating?1. Disadvantages of online dating2. Why do we antagonize online datingPeoples tend to lie online to box themselves beautifully. In fact. even the online dating bureaus tell you what to state or compose depending on what is most sought after. But this is non the right manner to get down a relationship. Nothing physiques love and trust like lying. It is difficult to cognize a person’s existent character online and the best manner is to see them interact with other people and in different fortunes. Besides. in OD people normally try to do a good feeling but there is a difference between looking your best and seeking to be something you are non. The online dating universe sends the message to people that you’re non good plenty the manner you are. Online dating besides promotes unfaithfulness. If the individual is used to dating online. he/she can still make this even if one is already in a relationship. The possibility of taking the relationship earnestly is low because it is easy to happen a replacing online. Internet unfaithfulness is comparatively easy to conceal as it is an easy medium for a disenfranchised spouse to seek outside satisfaction while being distinct. Wysocki ( 1998 ) found that most people who had an on-line matter logged on after their spouse went to bed or at work. There is no demand to go or necessitate for an alibi that is typically required if a individual is involved in a typical matter. Refuting the counter statement: A. Why on-line dating should non promote teens.1. Psychological effects of on-line dating on teens Aside from safety issues. lying and unfaithfulness in the on-line universe. OD tends to hold psychological effects on teens as they neglect duties and relationships in the existent universe. In fact. it can take to failed matrimonies because it builds a wont of longer clip spent online with practical spouse. Online dating besides distract teens from covering with jobs that may be in existent universe relationships because clip and energy that could be spent repairing the relationship is spent basking these on-line relationships. 2. Online dating leads to danger Safety for teens particularly female. becomes a cardinal concern online as profiles are easy to make from anyplace at any clip. This may be used by professionals in a unsafe manner like to double your individuality to happen out about your household. where you live. where your parents work. etc. B. Negative effects of online dating to teens1. Lack of societal accomplishments among people – teens tend to remain in the confines of their places to socialise with on-line friends or day of the months. 2. OD may take to wellness issues – There are wellness issues like carpal tunnel. asthenopia and loss of sleep. Emotional emphasis and psychological emphasis can besides construct up since you do non cognize much about your on-line spouses compared to traditional dating wherein you see their personalities face-to-face. Decision:A. Online dating will non assist you in your lovelife1. OD is non a good manner to happen true love2. OD would merely take to a failed relationshipB. Relevance of online dating in today’s society1. There are many ads online2. Peoples are now in a haste to happen a spouse C. Reinforce why online dating should non be encouragedD. SummaryPeoples are now in a haste and hold limited clip and resources to socialise. The media has influenced teen’s perceptual experiences of wooing and dating in the modern universe. With the coming of engineering. people are more open to information online and even online dating is now popular with teens. However. non all popular should be embraced. WE should believe about the safety issues which is the figure one hazard when you go on-line for a day of the month. Furthermore. how do you swear person you have non met? One can lie about anything when they are concealed or unobserved. The possibility of cognizing person you can swear and hold as a life-time spouse is really small compared to person you really run into and interact with. Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles. com/ ? Why-Is-Online-Dating-Popular? A ; id=403737 hypertext transfer protocol: //hubpages. com/hub/6-Reasons-Why-Looking-for-a-Relationship-Online-Bad-Idea hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/about_5421880_pros-cons-traditional-dating. html # ixzz2hFeohiWf hypertext transfer protocol: //webspace. ship. edu/jacamp/psyberpsych/Dating/Subtopic3. htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/info_8076698_effects-internet-dating. html # ixzz2hFj90DPO ( Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 2003. p. 317 ) .